12-Strings


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12-string guitar

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Although instruments with paired or tripled strings played together (technically called courses) date back at least to the medieval lute, the 12-string guitar seems to be a recent member of the guitar family. While Blind Willie McTell, a black blues singer of the 1930's, is credited as the first guitarist to have based his style on the 12-string, it was Huddie “Leadbelly” Ledbetter who really brought the 12-string guitar to national prominence. Pete Seeger picked up the 12-string from Leadbelly and passed it on to a generation of folkies who included Roger McGuinn, one of the founders of the Byrds, which introduced the sound of the electric 12-string to rock & roll and pop music.

History:  Origins of the 12-String An article by Michael Simmons, originally published in Acoustic Guitar Magazine, Nov. 1997.

The Players:

Huddie Ledbetter:
   Mudcat Cafe  A magazine dedicated to blues & folk music.
   Geoff Reeves  A scientist at Los Alamos National Labs with a good section on Leadbelly.
   Harry Lewman Music Web-site for the Leadbelly Foundation and the Leadbelly Society.

Pete Seeger:
   Mudcat Cafe  A magazine dedicated to blues & folk music.
   Pete Seeger Appreciation Page  An in-depth fan page.

Others:
Jesse “Lonecat” Fuller One-man band, based in San Francisco.
Mississippi John Hurt Played both 6 and 12 strings, rediscovered in the 1960's.
Fred Neil Made several records in the 1960's. A Greenwich Village figure in the early folk days.
Leo Kottke Probably the best known instrumentalist 12-string player today.

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Border Music

The guitar and a lot of other things that we now consider quintessentially American came to us by way of the Mexicans both in Mexico and in the USA. They were the first non-Native American explorers of the West, the first cowboys, miners, settlers, ranchers. The basic instruments of the border culture were the button accordian, introduced by German or Czech immigrants in the middle 1800's and the bajo sexto, a 12-string guitar tuned below the normal guitar and used to play rhythmic accompaniment. Although modern Tejano and Conjunto bands have added electric bass, synthesizers, drums and horns, the bajo sexto is still an integral part of the music.

Conjunto and Tejano

Gale Encyclopedia: An except from the Gale Groups' encyclopedias.
Univ. of Texas, Benson:  Major source of reseacher and study of the border cultures.
Juan Tejeda: Site maintained by a scholar and player. Arhoolie Records: The main source for recordings of traditional music of all types.

Interestingly enough, some of the most innovative music coming out of the border region is being made by women. Here are links to sites for three very different stylists who are combining musical and cultural styles to create new sounds.
Lila Downs: site for Harmony Ridge Music - brief bio and Real Audio sound clips. She is Mixtec Indian and Anglo and blends both traditions in haunting ways.
Tish Hinojosa: From San Antonio, a singer-songwriter deeply involved in exploring and preserving the border culture, especially that of the Texas region.
Selena: Perhaps the best known Tejano singer, she was on the verge of crossing over to pop music success when she was tragically killed by a disgruntled fan in 1995.
   Official Site: Site maintained by Q-Productions, the company run by her family. (Very commercial).
   Unofficial Site: a fan-run site.

Narco-corrido
Narco-corrido is the gangsta rap of both sides of the border. It can be heard blaring out of homes and cars thoughout Mexico and most Latino neighborhoods in the USA. Like rap, it addresses social issues involving drugs, poverty, and minority issues.

Elijah Wald: singer-songwriter who just published a book about his travels in Mexico discovering the music and the people involved in narco-corrido.
Los Tigres del Norte: The first and still foremost of the narco-corrido bands.
   Houston Chronicle: Article from Sept. 10, 2001.
   Latino Grammys: Article by Elijah Wald.
Los Tucanes de Tijuana: The number two, up-and-coming narco-corrido band.

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